ESS Multilevel Data 2025, country, edition 1.1

The purpose of the European Social Survey Multilevel data (ESS MD) is to make it easier for the research community to analyse the ESS respondents with reference to the context they live in. There are numerous sources containing contextual data. The ESS MD does not contain everything available. The selection of variables is based on the recommendations in the report of the ESS Upgrade and Planning Group on Contextual Data: 'Conceptual and Statistical Issues in Multilevel Analysis’.

The ESS11_MD file includes ESS11 data from the ESS11 integrated file, edition 3.0. In addition there are five files including multilevel data on country level, NUTS1, NUTS2 and NUTS3 level as well as on the NUTS level used for each country in ESS11 (ESS11MD_reg11). See version notes for ESS11 integrated file, edition 3.0 for information on these versions.

The following topics are covered by the multilevel data: • Demography: Area of the region, Median age, Old age dependency ratio, Population size, Population density, Demographic balance and crude rates. • Economy: GDP per Capita, Social expenditure, Unemployment • Education: Number of students • Composite measures: Freedom in the World, Bertelsmann Transformation Index, Worldwide Governance Indicators, Democracy Barometer. • Political institutions: Comparative Political Data Set, Database of Political Institutions • Health: Fertility rate, Life expectancy, Infant mortality rate, Health expenditure, Health workforce, Work Bank health indicators • Crime: Corruption Perceptions Index, Crimes recorded by the police • Migration: Immigrants, Emigrants, Asylum applicants, Foreigners.

The European Social Survey (ESS) is an academically driven cross-national survey, founded in 2001. It has been administered in 40 countries to date. Its three aims are, firstly – to monitor and interpret changing public attitudes and values within Europe and to investigate how they interact with Europe's changing institutions, secondly – to advance and consolidate improved methods of cross-national survey measurement in Europe and beyond, and thirdly – to develop a series of European social indicators, including attitudinal indicators. The survey involves strict random probability sampling, high response rate and rigorous translation protocols.

All respondents from ESS round 11 are included. The following topics are covered in the ESS round 11. • Media and social trust • Politics • Subjective well-being, social exclusion, religion, national and ethnic identity • Health and Inequality • Gender in contemporary Europe • Human values • Experience of COVID-19 • Socio-demographics