CRONOS-3 Wave 4

CRONOS-3 is the first large-scale, cross-national, probability-based, mixed-mode panel (web and paper) following an input-harmonised approach. Panel recruitment, setup, maintenance, and data processing are guided by the same methodological principles in all participating countries.

The panel builds on the success of the pioneering CRONOS-1 and CRONOS-2 panels and is fielded in 11 countries: Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Finland, France, Hungary, Iceland, Poland, Portugal, Slovenia, and the United Kingdom. Unlike the previous CRONOS-2 panel, CRONOS-3 also includes the offline population, providing panellists who are not internet users with a paper self-completion questionnaire. All survey operations are centralised (except for paper questionnaire and postal letter distributions), in accordance with an input-harmonised approach.

CRONOS-3 aims to provide the academic, research and user communities with additional substantive, high-quality, comparative data to complement ESS measures. Participants in CRONOS-3 were recruited from ESS rounds 10 and 11, allowing their data to be linked back to their responses to the main ESS questionnaire, by merging the datasets.

The Infra4NextGen waves of CRONOS-3 (waves 1-5) measure content across the five NextGenEU themes: Make it Green, Make it Digital, Make it Healthy, Make it Strong, and Make it Equal, with each wave including 90 items fielded across all participating countries. The SoGreen waves of CRONOS-3 (waves 6-8) focus primarily on the Green Transition, asking panellists questions on climate change and environmental topics, as well as other questions previously asked in CRONOS-3 or ESS, thus bringing a longitudinal element to the panel.

CRONOS-3 panel received funding from the European Union’s Horizon Europe programme: Providing Research Infrastructure Services to Support Next Generation EU (Infra4NextGen) under the grant agreement number 101131118 and Social Aspects of the Green Transition (SoGreen) under the grant agreement 101188188.